Calcareous organism growth accelerator

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this invention is to provide compositions useful for promoting the growth of calcareous organisms present in a closed system aquatic habitat. Particularly, to composition capable of efficiently delivering calcium and carbonate to the calcareous organisms. Most particularly, to a composition effective for enhanced delivery of aragonite to a closed system aquatic habitat where it dissociates into bioavailable supplements, such as, calcium, strontium, magnesium, and carbonate ions, whereby enhanced growth of the calcareous organisms is achieved.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 11/399,991filed Apr. 7, 2006, the contents of each of which are hereinincorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a composition useful for promoting the growthof calcareous organisms present in a closed system aquatic habitat;particularly, to a composition capable of efficiently delivering calciumand carbonate to the calcareous organisms; most particularly, to acomposition effective for enhanced delivery of aragonite to a closedsystem aquatic habitat where it dissociates into bioavailablesupplements, such as, calcium, strontium, magnesium, and carbonate ions,whereby enhanced growth of the calcareous organisms is achieved.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Saltwater aquariums have been popular for many years for both novice andexpert aquarists alike. The typical aquarium contains a diverse mix ofmarine life, including, tropical fish, aquatic plants, and calcareousorganisms. Calcareous organisms are calcium carbonate based organismswhich include corals, coralline algae, and shelled animals (snails, hardtube worms and clams). Calcium and carbonate (alkalinity) are the majorconstituents of calcareous organisms, thus, these organisms requireadequate supplies of these substances in their environment to flourish.

One of the most frustrating aspects for many aquarists is maintainingadequate and consistent levels of those marine supplements necessary forthe growth of calcareous organisms. Some of these supplements include,for example, calcium, carbonate, iodine, strontium, and magnesium, toname a few. Unlike the ocean, which has a relatively infinite supply ofthese supplements, the aquarium is a closed system, hence, the growthand multiplication of calcareous organisms leads to depletion of thosesupplements, and they must be continuously replenished by the aquarist.

An example of some particularly beneficial and attractive calcareousorganisms includes coralline algae. Coralline algae are a type ofencrusting algae found throughout the aquatic world and include variousspecies, e.g., red, pink, purple, etc. These organisms must beintroduced into the closed aquatic system. The growth and proliferationof these colorful organisms in aquariums are especially desirable forboth aesthetic and practical reasons. It is often the standard by whichthe success of a particular aquarium is judged.

Coralline algae are comprised of an organic portion common to all algaeand a calcium carbonate skeleton unique to this type of algae. As withall algae, the organic portion of these organisms grow at the ratedetermined by the availability of plant nutrients (fertilizers) andlight. However, as with all calcareous organisms, successful propagationdepends on the availability and effective delivery of calcium andcarbonate to these organisms.

Coralline algae supplant and suppress the proliferation of green algae,hair algae and other unsightly or harmful algae commonly encountered inthe marine aquarium. In addition, coralline algae assist in preparing or“seeding” rock surfaces for the colonization of living corals and othersessile invertebrates. Under the proper conditions, the bright and vividcolors of coralline algae will produce new colonies and spread, thereby,providing enhanced visual interest to the aquarium frequently soughtafter by advanced aquarists.

Aragonite is a naturally occurring mineral that is secreted by the coralorganisms that make reef/skeleton structures in the ocean. Aragonite isan isomer of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) with minor inclusions ofstrontium and magnesium, plus other trace elements. When dissolved in anAqueous solution, aragonite readily dissociates, forming, inter alia,calcium and carbonate ions. Aragonite is not only highly soluble inseawater but remains soluble despite the presence of dissolvedorthophophates, which hinder, and finally prevent the dissolution ofother forms of calcium carbonate, such as calcite.

Experienced aquarists have long recognized the numerous benefits ofhaving aragonite-containing substrates at the bottom their aquariums(i.e., deep or shallow sand bed). A sand bed containing aragonite is anatural and passive way to support the calcium and carbonate levelswhile buffering pH through the dissolution of aragonite in the closedsystem. However, because aragonite has a half-life of about 18 to 24months, the accumulation of detritus at the bottom, and constantsubtraction of magnesium from the system by the growth of corallinealgae, the addition of more aragonite-containing substrate in theaquarium is necessary.

Calcite is a less soluble isomer form of calcium carbonate that is oftenused in sand beds or as an additive to supplement low calcium andcarbonate levels in aquariums. Calcite does not readily dissolve at thepH of marine aquariums (i.e., above 8.0). This means that calcite doesnot impart any significant benefits (buffers/alkalinity) into theaqueous solution until the pH falls to a level that is inherentlydangerous for most marine life. Moreover, calcite can be precipitated atmuch lower pH than aragonite and is only held in solution in normal seawater by the presence of magnesium ions. The tendency of calcite toco-precipitate magnesium can make it unpredictable in the closed systemaquarium. Coralline algae require magnesium to flourish, therefore,removing magnesium from the environment will inhibit the growth ofcoralline algae.

There are numerous individually packaged calcium and carbonate(alkalinity) boosting products commercially available. These productsare currently sold in two separate containers to ensure the calcium ionsand carbonate ions are separated to prevent them from forming crystalsprior to use. Additions of these separate products in stoichiometricallycorrect proportions require the user to combine these productsseparately following a precise recipe. If the dosing protocol of eachproduct is not strictly followed, the result can be harmful or stressfulto the closed aquatic system.

Thus, the present invention satisfies a long felt need for a prepackagedstable composition that upon addition into a closed aquatic system willeffectively and efficiently deliver the necessary dose of calcium andcarbonate ions needed to promote the growth of calcareous organismswithout the need to follow a complex multi-product recipe, whilemaintaining proper pH in range of normal sea water, i.e., about 8.0 toabout 8.5. Moreover, since the instant composition specifically targetscalcareous organisms having a calcium carbonate skeleton, it is not afertilizer, and therefore does not inadvertently promote the growth ofnuisance algae (green, hair, etc.).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The purpose of this invention is to provide a stable composition forpromoting the growth of calcareous organisms, in particular, corallinealgae, present in a closed aquatic system. The first major component ofthe inventive composition is aragonite particles having a particle sizecapable of being evenly dispersed throughout the aquatic environment ofthe closed system. The aragonite particles dissociate in the aquaticenvironment, thereby delivering supplements to the calcareous organismsfor enhanced growth.

The second major component of the composition is dissociated calciumions derived from a calcium containing compound. Addition of calciumions to the aquatic system immediately raises the dissolved calciumlevels in the aquatic system. The increased concentration of dissociatedcalcium in the surrounding aquatic environment essentially preventsdiffusion of dissolved calcium in the calcareous organism (suppliedmostly by the aragonite component) back into the aquatic environment.

Accordingly, it is an objective of the instant invention to provideherein a single prepackaged composition capable of being added directlyto a closed aquatic system to supply most nutrients necessary forsuccessful growth of most calcareous organisms.

It is yet another objective of the present invention to providearagonite having a particle size which allows it to readily dispersethroughout the closed aquatic system and accelerate the rate of chemicalreaction with calcareous organisms (e.g., diffusion) by providing moresurface area.

Another objective of the composition of the present invention is toprovide at least one additional component, such as an iodide ioncontaining compound, necessary for calcareous organisms.

Other objects and advantages of this invention will become apparent fromthe following description which set forth, by way of example, certainembodiments of this invention.

DEFINITIONS

The following list defines terms and phrases used throughout thespecification. Although the terms and phrases are listed in a singulartense the definitions are intended to encompass all grammatical forms.

As recited herein, the term “aquatic system” refers to a saltwatersystem similar to that of natural seawater, that is, having a pH ofabout 8.0 to about 8.5, carbonate hardness level (alkalinity) betweenabout 2.0 to about 3.5 milliequivalents per liter (meq/L), and calciumlevels between about 350 to about 500 ppm.

As recited herein, the term “bioavailable” refers to the ability of anutrient or supplement to absorb and become available at the site ofphysiological activity of an organism. As recited herein, the phrase,“calcareous organisms” refers to all calcium carbonate based organismswhich include corals, coralline algae, and shelled organisms (snails,hard tube worms, mollusks, clams and the like).

As recited herein, the term “biofilm” refers to an immobilized matrix ofcells that cover all submerged objects and surfaces inside the closedaqueous system. The matrix is produced and inhabited by microorganismswhich carry out certain biochemical processes, such as dissociatingaragonite particles into bioavailable components, including, albeit notlimited to, calcium and carbonate ions. The biofilm provides a calciumand carbonate rich layer proximate to the calcareous organism forabsorption into calcareous organism as needed.

The biofilm is also responsible for turning toxic nitrogenous compoundsand ammonia, which accumulate in the closed system of the aquarium as aresult of decaying food and organic compounds, into less harmfulnitrates used by the plants and algae for food.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Detailed embodiments of the instant invention are disclosed herein,however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments aremerely exemplary of the invention, which may be embodied in variousforms. Therefore, specific functional and structural details disclosedherein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis forthe claims and as a representation basis for teaching one skilled in theart to variously employ the present invention in virtually anyappropriately detailed structure.

The instant invention promotes the growth of calcareous organisms usinga prepackaged and stable composition comprising, inter alia, aragoniteand at least one calcium ion containing compound, to replace the typicalmulti-product recipe.

The first component of the instant composition includes aragonite(orthorhombric CaCO₃) particles having a size capable of dispersingevenly throughout the aquatic system. Moreover, the size of thearagonite particles should be such that these particles readily diffuseinto any biofilm covering the calcareous organisms. The biofilm helps todissociate the aragonite into its bioavailable nutrients (i.e., calcium,carbonate, strontium and magnesium.) It has been discovered by thepresent inventor that aragonite particle size should be in the colloidalsize range, that is, at least about 10 microns, preferably about 5microns to exhibit the aforementioned properties.

The micron dimension of the aragonite is advantageous as it provides500× the surface area of a 1 mm particle, and therefore, accelerates therate of chemical reactions that are surface area dependent, such as,diffusion through a biofilm. The second component of the instantinvention includes at least one calcium ion containing compound.Examples of idoneous calcium ion containing compounds include at leastone member selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride,calcium hydroxide, calcium citrate, calcium sucrate, calcium lactate,calcium EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), and calcium gluconate.Calcium chloride is a particularly preferred form of calcium ioncontaining compound since it is very soluble in aquatic systems, thus,able to deliver high amounts of calcium ions to a closed system withoutaffecting pH. In this example, the spectator ion is the chloride ion.Chloride is one of the primary ionic components of natural aquaticsystems (sea water) and excess of chloride ions may raise the salinityof the closed system but does not create any ionic imbalance.

The instant invention may further include a third component, forexample, least one iodide ion containing compound capable of supplyingone or more iodide species (including iodate and molecular iodine forms)to the aquatic system. In many calcareous organisms iodine acts as ade-toxifier, providing protection against ultra-violet radiation and anatural defense against parasites. Examples of suitable iodidecontaining compounds include, albeit not limited to, sodium iodide,potassium iodide. Potassium iodide is a particularly preferred form ofan iodide ion containing compound as the spectator ion (potassium) alsopromotes coralline algae and coral growth.

Another example of an idoneous supplement that may be included in theinstant composition includes, at least one magnesium ion containingcompound capable of supplying magnesium to the aquatic system. Examplesof suitable magnesium ion containing compounds include, albeit notlimited to, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride or the like. Magnesiumis an essential part of photosynthesis; without photosynthesisbeneficial coralline algae and coral would not survive in closed systemaquariums.

EXAMPLE

A non-limiting illustrative example is presented herein; the followingis only an example and not solely representative of the inventiveconcepts discussed herein.

Into de-ionized water by weight, based on the total weight of thecomposition, the following dry components are added:

Aragonite (CaCO₃) from about 50 to about 54%; Calcium Chloride (CaCl₂)from about 49 to about 46%; Potassium Iodide (KI) less than 1%;

When using the prepackaged composition of the present invention, theuser will need only shake the container well to reconstitute before use,and add approximately 5 ml per 50 gallons of closed aquatic system.

Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, it is believedthat when the aforementioned composition is within the prepackagedcontainer, the second component (for example, calcium chloride) is fullydissociated into ionic calcium and non-active incidental ions ofchloride. The concentration of ionic calcium is present in an amounteffective to prevent the aragonite from dissociating inside thecontainer. After the appropriate portion (e.g., about 5 ml per 50gallons of closed system) of this composition is added to the aquaticsystem, the aragonite particles begin to immediately dissociate intobioavailable nutrients (calcium cations and carbonate anions) which arereadily absorbed by any calcareous animals therein. Concomitantly, thesecond component is supplied in an amount effective such that theconcentration of dissociated calcium ions in the aquatic systemprecludes, or retards, the diffusion of absorbed calcium through themembrane of the calcareous organisms into the aquatic system. The higherconcentration of absorbed ionic calcium in the calcareous organismswould diffuse to the aquatic system was it not for the ionic calcium ofthe second component. Thus, the two components of the present inventionensure that the concentrated calcium and carbonate are effectivelydelivered to the calcareous organisms.

In established aquatic systems a biolayer will cover all calcareousorganisms therein. The dispersed aragonite particles adhere upon and/orembed within this biolayer. The biolayer facilitates the dissociation ofthe aragonite particles into the bioavailable calcium and carbonate ionsfor absorption into calcareous organisms as needed. The concentration ofcalcium and carbonate in the biofilm provides a nutrient-rich reservefrom which the calcareous organisms draw from.

All patents and publications mentioned in this specification areindicative of the levels of those skilled in the art to which theinvention pertains. All patents and publications are herein incorporatedby reference to the same extent as if each individual publication wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

It is to be understood that while a certain form of the invention isillustrated, it is not to be limited to the specific form or arrangementherein described and shown. It will be apparent to those skilled in theart that various changes may be made without departing from the scope ofthe invention and the invention is not to be considered limited to whatis shown and described in the specification.

One skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the presentinvention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and obtain theends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent therein. Theembodiments, methods, procedures and techniques described herein arepresently representative of the preferred embodiments, are intended tobe exemplary and are not intended as limitations on the scope. Changestherein and other uses will occur to those skilled in the art which areencompassed within the spirit of the invention and are defined by thescope of the appended claims. Although the invention has been describedin connection with specific preferred embodiments, it should beunderstood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited tosuch specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of thedescribed modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious tothose skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of thefollowing claims.

1. A composition useful for effectively providing calcium and carbonateions to calcareous organisms for enhanced growth within a closed aquaticsystem, said composition comprising: a first component including aneffective amount of aragonite particles having a particle size effectivefor dissociating into bioavailable calcium cations and bioavailablecarbonate anions; a second component including a calcium ion containingcompound to provide an effective amount of dissociated calcium ions tocontrol said dissociation of said aragonite; and de-ionized water;wherein, upon addition of said composition to said closed aquatic systemsaid aragonite particles dissociate into said bioavailable calcium andcarbonate ions for absorption into said calcareous organisms and saidsecond component effectively precludes diffusion of absorbed calciumions back to said aquatic system.
 2. The composition as set forth inclaim 1, wherein said calcium ion containing compound includes at leastone member selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride,calcium hydroxide, calcium citrate, calcium sucrate, calcium lactate,calcium EDTA, and calcium gluconate.
 3. The composition as set forth inclaim 1, further comprising a third component including an iodidecontaining compound to further enhance the growth of calcareousorganisms.
 4. The composition as set forth in claim 1, wherein saidaragonite particle size is at least about 10 microns.
 5. The compositionas set forth in claim 4, wherein said aragonite particle size is about 5microns.
 6. A composition useful for effectively providing calcium andcarbonate ions to calcareous organisms for enhanced growth within aclosed aquatic system, said composition comprising: a first componentincluding aragonite particles provided in amounts between about 50% toabout 54% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, saidaragonite particles having a size effective for dissociating intobioavailable calcium cations and bioavailable carbonate anions; a secondcomponent including calcium chloride provided in amounts between about49% to about 46% by weight, based on the total weight of thecomposition, said calcium chloride useful to control said dissociationof said aragonite; a third component including potassium iodide providedin amounts less than 1% by weight, based on the total weight of thecomposition; and de-ionized water; wherein, upon addition of saidcomposition to said closed aquatic system said aragonite particlesdissociate into said bioavailable calcium and carbonate ions forabsorption into said calcareous organisms and said calcium chlorideeffectively precludes diffusion of absorbed calcium ions back to saidaquatic system.
 7. The composition as set forth in claim 6, wherein saidaragonite particle size is at least about 10 microns.
 8. The compositionas set forth in claim 7, wherein said aragonite particle size is about 5microns.
 9. Method of treating a closed aquatic system to enhance thegrowth of any calcareous organisms contained therein, said methodcomprising the following steps: providing said closed aquatic systemcontaining at least one calcareous organism therein; and adding aneffective amount of a composition suitable for providing a source ofcalcium and carbonate to said at least one calcareous organism, saidcomposition including a first component including an effective amount ofaragonite particles having a particle size effective for dissociatinginto bioavailable calcium cations and bioavailable carbonate anions forabsorption into said calcareous organisms, a second component includinga calcium ion containing compound providing an effective amount ofdissociated calcium ions to control said dissociation of said aragonitewithin said closed aquatic system, and de-ionized water; wherein uponaddition of said effective amount of composition to said aquatic system,the amount of said dissociated calcium ions in said aquatic systemprecludes diffusion of absorbed calcium ions back to said aquaticsystem.
 10. The method of treating as set forth in claim 9, wherein saidaragonite particle size is at least about 10 microns.
 11. The method oftreating as set forth in claim 10, wherein said aragonite particle sizeis about 5 microns.
 12. The method of treating as set forth in claim 9,wherein said calcium ion containing compound includes at least onemember selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride, calciumhydroxide, calcium citrate, calcium sucrate, calcium lactate, calciumEDTA, and calcium gluconate.
 13. The method of treating as set forth inclaim 9, further comprising a third component including an iodidecontaining compound to further enhance the growth of calcareousorganisms.
 14. The method of treating as set forth in claim 9, whereinsaid calcareous organism includes a biolayer to which said aragoniteparticles adhere upon and/or embed within, wherein said biolayerfacilitates dissociation of said aragonite particles into saidbioavailable calcium and carbonate for absorption into said calcareousorganism as needed.
 15. The method of treating as set forth in claim 9,wherein said aqueous system is capable of inorganically disassociatingsaid aragonite particles into said bioavailable calcium and carbonateions suitable for absorption into said calcareous organism.